1. When introducing concrete nouns such as objects, animals, and things, it is best to use visual elements like real objects, sounds, smells, and tastes to appeal to all of the students’ senses. Flashcards and illustrations can be helpful, but real-life objects are even better.

2. Opposites such as “big” and “small” are usually taught using pictures, but for adjectives like “soft” and “rough,” using real objects can be more effective. For more advanced adjectives like “stunning” or “spectacular,” bring in photos of famous sights to illustrate their meaning.

3. Some abstract concepts cannot be taught with flashcards. In these cases, it is best to use synonyms, definitions, substitutions, or to place students within a given context. For example, to teach the difference between “early” and “late,” remind students of the class start time and explain that arriving before or after that time determines if they are “early” or “late.”

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